Primary source
Against Heresies 3.1
Late second-century testimony connecting the fourth Gospel with John and Ephesus.
- Author
- Irenaeus of Lyons
- Tradition
- Early Christian writing
- Accessed
- 2026-06-24
Where this source is used
- John did not write the Gospel of JohnDisputed authorship is not the same as unreliability. John's Gospel claims eyewitness roots, circulated early, and its view of Jesus appears in earlier sources.
- The reliability of the BibleVariants in the manuscripts are real and openly catalogued. They show a text copied many times in many places, which is why its earliest wording can be recovered.
- The reliability of the New TestamentPaul's letters preserve a summary of belief from within a few years of Jesus' death, the Gospels were written within living memory, and the text can be recovered with confidence.